{"id":28713,"date":"2025-06-13T10:03:24","date_gmt":"2025-06-13T10:03:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/?post_type=product&#038;p=28713"},"modified":"2025-06-13T10:03:27","modified_gmt":"2025-06-13T10:03:27","slug":"illuminate-1-the-formation-of-a-contract-2","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/th\/product\/illuminate-1-the-formation-of-a-contract\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07 1: \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e01\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e15\u0e31\u0e27\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e2a\u0e39\u0e15\u0e23\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\u0e40\u0e01\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e27\u0e34\u0e18\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e16\u0e39\u0e01\u0e01\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e40\u0e01\u0e34\u0e14\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e30\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e31\u0e48\u0e27\u0e44\u0e1b (common law systems) \u0e2b\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e2a\u0e39\u0e15\u0e23\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e18\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e22\u0e16\u0e36\u0e07 \u2018\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e4c\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u2019 \u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e08\u0e33\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e30\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e31\u0e48\u0e27\u0e44\u0e1b\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e40\u0e01\u0e34\u0e14\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e1c\u0e25\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e01\u0e1e\u0e31\u0e19\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22 \u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e08\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e25\u0e32\u0e22\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e13\u0e4c\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e23\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e27\u0e32\u0e08\u0e32 \u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e4c\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e48\u0e32\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\u0e41\u0e15\u0e01\u0e15\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e4c\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e43\u0e19\u0e40\u0e02\u0e15\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e19\u0e32\u0e08\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e41\u0e1e\u0e48\u0e07 (civil code).<\/p>\n<p>\u0e08\u0e38\u0e14\u0e40\u0e19\u0e49\u0e19\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e43\u0e19\u0e04\u0e14\u0e35\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e0a\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e38\u0e14\u0e43\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e27\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e28\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e15\u0e23\u0e4c\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e21\u0e23\u0e34\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19, <em>\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e19\u0e19\u0e4c\u0e42\u0e0b\u0e2d\u0e34\u0e25 \u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a \u0e40\u0e17\u0e47\u0e01\u0e0b\u0e32\u0e42\u0e01<\/em>, \u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e39\u0e49\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e23\u0e30\u0e2b\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e34\u0e29\u0e31\u0e17\u0e19\u0e49\u0e33\u0e21\u0e31\u0e19\u0e02\u0e19\u0e32\u0e14\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e0d\u0e48\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e10\u0e2f \u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e21\u0e32\u0e16\u0e36\u0e07\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e43\u0e19\u0e2e\u0e39\u0e2a\u0e15\u0e31\u0e19 \u0e23\u0e31\u0e10\u0e40\u0e17\u0e47\u0e01\u0e0b\u0e31\u0e2a \u0e43\u0e19\u0e1b\u0e35 1985\u0e01\u0e23\u0e13\u0e35\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e27\u0e34\u0e18\u0e35\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e14\u0e40\u0e22\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e33\u0e23\u0e27\u0e08\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e21\u0e39\u0e25\u0e04\u0e48\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e39\u0e07\u0e21\u0e32\u0e01\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e16\u0e16\u0e39\u0e01\u0e2a\u0e23\u0e49\u0e32\u0e07\u0e02\u0e36\u0e49\u0e19\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e25\u0e32\u0e22\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e13\u0e4c\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e23\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e25\u0e07\u0e19\u0e32\u0e21\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e23\u0e30\u0e2b\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e04\u0e39\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e17\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22 \u0e19\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\u0e22\u0e31\u0e07\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e27\u0e34\u0e18\u0e35\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e14\u0e40\u0e22\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e28\u0e36\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e27\u0e34\u0e18\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e01\u0e25\u0e49\u0e32\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e0d\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e17\u0e19\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e0a\u0e19\u0e30\u0e04\u0e14\u0e35 \u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e43\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e38\u0e14\u0e01\u0e47\u0e15\u0e31\u0e14\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e19\u0e43\u0e08\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e2a\u0e39\u0e49\u0e04\u0e14\u0e35\u0e43\u0e19\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e2b\u0e32\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e21\u0e34\u0e14\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32 \u0e17\u0e19\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1c\u0e39\u0e49\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\u0e04\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e42\u0e08 \u0e40\u0e08\u0e40\u0e21\u0e25 \u0e2d\u0e14\u0e35\u0e15\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e22\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e10\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e0a\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e2a\u0e35\u0e22\u0e07\u0e42\u0e14\u0e48\u0e07\u0e14\u0e31\u0e07\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19\u0e23\u0e48\u0e27\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e04\u0e14\u0e35\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e02\u0e49\u0e32\u0e16\u0e36\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e2a\u0e39\u0e15\u0e23<\/strong>: \u0e2b\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e2a\u0e39\u0e15\u0e23\u0e20\u0e32\u0e29\u0e32\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e07\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e44\u0e25\u0e19\u0e4c\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\u0e08\u0e30\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e40\u0e27\u0e25\u0e32 365 \u0e27\u0e31\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e31\u0e07\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e0b\u0e37\u0e49\u0e2d.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e08\u0e1a\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e2a\u0e39\u0e15\u0e23\u0e20\u0e32\u0e29\u0e32\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e07\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e2a\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49 \u0e04\u0e38\u0e13\u0e08\u0e30\u0e21\u0e35\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e23\u0e39\u0e49\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e48\u0e21\u0e40\u0e15\u0e34\u0e21\u0e40\u0e01\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e44\u0e23 <strong>\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e16\u0e39\u0e01\u0e01\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e15\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e02\u0e36\u0e49\u0e19<\/strong> \u0e43\u0e19\u0e40\u0e02\u0e15\u0e2d\u0e33\u0e19\u0e32\u0e08\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e31\u0e48\u0e27\u0e44\u0e1b \u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e04\u0e39\u0e48\u0e01\u0e23\u0e13\u0e35\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e40\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e25\u0e32\u0e22\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e13\u0e4c\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e23<\/li>\n<li>\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23<strong> \u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e4c\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32<\/strong>, \u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e08\u0e30\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e02\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1e\u0e39\u0e14, \u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e30\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e31\u0e48\u0e27\u0e44\u0e1b<\/li>\n<li>\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23 <strong>\u0e41\u0e19\u0e27\u0e04\u0e34\u0e14\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e01\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e48\u0e32\u0e15\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e41\u0e17\u0e19<\/strong> \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e2b\u0e15\u0e38\u0e43\u0e14\u0e04\u0e39\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e08\u0e36\u0e07\u0e15\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e21\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e41\u0e25\u0e01\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1e\u0e34\u0e08\u0e32\u0e23\u0e13\u0e32\u0e0b\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19<\/li>\n<li>\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23 <strong>\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e29\u0e13\u0e30\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e48\u0e07\u0e15\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e41\u0e17\u0e19<\/strong> \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e14\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e21\u0e39\u0e25\u0e04\u0e48\u0e32<\/li>\n<li>\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23 <strong>\u0e01\u0e25\u0e22\u0e38\u0e17\u0e18\u0e4c\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e14\u0e33\u0e40\u0e19\u0e34\u0e19\u0e04\u0e14\u0e35<\/strong> \u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e21\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e2a\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e33\u0e40\u0e23\u0e47\u0e08<\/li>\n<li>\u0e17\u0e33\u0e44\u0e21\u0e08\u0e33\u0e19\u0e27\u0e19\u0e40\u0e07\u0e34\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e28\u0e32\u0e25 <strong>\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e08\u0e44\u0e21\u0e48\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e40\u0e25\u0e22<\/strong> \u0e42\u0e14\u0e22\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e0a\u0e19\u0e30<\/li>\n<li>\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07 <strong>\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e25\u0e49\u0e21\u0e25\u0e30\u0e25\u0e32\u0e22\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48 11<\/strong> \u0e43\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e10\u0e2d\u0e40\u0e21\u0e23\u0e34\u0e01\u0e32 \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e27\u0e34\u0e18\u0e35\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e25\u0e49\u0e21\u0e25\u0e30\u0e25\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e16\u0e19\u0e33\u0e21\u0e32\u0e43\u0e0a\u0e49\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e1b\u0e01\u0e1b\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e25\u0e39\u0e01\u0e04\u0e49\u0e32<\/li>\n<li>\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e48\u0e32\u0e07\u0e44\u0e23 <strong>\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e21\u0e34\u0e14<\/strong> \u0e21\u0e35\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e42\u0e22\u0e0a\u0e19\u0e4c\u0e40\u0e17\u0e48\u0e32\u0e40\u0e17\u0e35\u0e22\u0e21\u0e01\u0e31\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e17\u0e19\u0e32\u0e22\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e43\u0e19\u0e04\u0e14\u0e35\u0e2a\u0e33\u0e04\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49<\/li>\n<li>\u0e41\u0e19\u0e27\u0e04\u0e34\u0e14\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07 <strong>\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e1c\u0e34\u0e14\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e21\u0e34\u0e14<\/strong> \u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e1c\u0e25\u0e01\u0e23\u0e30\u0e17\u0e1a\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e01\u0e34\u0e14\u0e08\u0e32\u0e01\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e0a\u0e31\u0e01\u0e08\u0e39\u0e07\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e36\u0e48\u0e07\u0e43\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0d\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e2d\u0e22\u0e39\u0e48\u0e41\u0e25\u0e49\u0e27\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e1d\u0e48\u0e32\u0e1d\u0e37\u0e19\u0e02\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e15\u0e01\u0e25\u0e07<\/li>\n<li>\u0e1a\u0e32\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e48\u0e27\u0e19 <strong>\u0e04\u0e33\u0e28\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e17\u0e4c\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e20\u0e32\u0e29\u0e32\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e07\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e33\u0e04\u0e31\u0e0d<\/strong> \u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e08\u0e33\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e15\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1b\u0e0f\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e07\u0e32\u0e19\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e13\u0e34\u0e0a\u0e22\u0e4c\u0e43\u0e19\u0e23\u0e30\u0e14\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e19\u0e32\u0e19\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e15\u0e34<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e15\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e21\u0e15\u0e31\u0e27\u0e2a\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a TOLES<\/strong>: \u0e2b\u0e25\u0e31\u0e01\u0e2a\u0e39\u0e15\u0e23\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e40\u0e15\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e21\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e21\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e2d\u0e14\u0e40\u0e22\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e1a TOLES \u0e17\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e23\u0e30\u0e14\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e43\u0e19\u0e20\u0e32\u0e29\u0e32\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e07\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e17\u0e32\u0e07\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e23\u0e30\u0e14\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e21\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e35\u0e1e.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":3672,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"product_brand":[],"product_cat":[299],"product_tag":[],"class_list":["post-28713","product","type-product","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","product_cat-online-courses","first","instock","shipping-taxable","product-type-external"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Illuminate 1: The Formation of a Contract - Cambridge Law Studio<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/th\/product\/illuminate-1-the-formation-of-a-contract\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"th_TH\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Illuminate 1: The Formation of a Contract - Cambridge Law Studio\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"This course is about how a contract is formed in common law systems. It explains the \u2018elements\u2019 needed in the common law to form a legally binding contract, either written or oral. These are different from the elements required in jurisdictions with a civil code. The focus is on one of the most well-known court cases in the history of American contract law, Pennzoil v Texaco, a legal battle between two huge U.S. oil companies that came to court in Houston, Texas, in 1985. The case is an excellent way to explore how very high-value contracts can be formed without the existence of a formal written and signed contract between the parties. It is also an excellent way to study the bold tactics of a winning litigation lawyer, who ultimately decided not to fight the case on the grounds of breach of contract. This lawyer was the controversial U.S. attorney Joe Jamail, who became famous following his involvement in this case. Course access: this online legal English course will be available for 365 days after purchase. At the end of this course in English for lawyers, you will know more about:  how a contract is formed in common law jurisdictions when the parties have nothing in writing  the elements that constitute a contract, either written or oral, in common law systems  the legal concept of consideration and why consideration must be exchanged by the parties  the nature of consideration and the requirement of value  the litigation strategy of the successful legal team  why an amount awarded by a court may never be received by the successful party  the availability of chapter 11 bankruptcy in the USA and how bankruptcy can be used in order to protect a client  how the law of contract and the law of tort were equally useful to the lawyers in this landmark case  the legal concept of tortious liability and the consequences of deliberately persuading a party to an established contract to breach the agreement  some key legal English dictionary terms that are essential to practising commercial law at an international level &nbsp; TOLES PREPARATION: This course is excellent preparation for all three levels of the TOLES exams in professional legal English.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/th\/product\/illuminate-1-the-formation-of-a-contract\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Cambridge Law Studio\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-06-13T10:03:27+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/us-flag-1.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"480\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"300\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\\\/th\\\/product\\\/illuminate-1-the-formation-of-a-contract\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\\\/th\\\/product\\\/illuminate-1-the-formation-of-a-contract\\\/\",\"name\":\"Illuminate 1: The Formation of a Contract - Cambridge Law Studio\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\\\/th\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\\\/th\\\/product\\\/illuminate-1-the-formation-of-a-contract\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\\\/th\\\/product\\\/illuminate-1-the-formation-of-a-contract\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/06\\\/us-flag-1.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-06-13T10:03:24+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-06-13T10:03:27+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\\\/th\\\/product\\\/illuminate-1-the-formation-of-a-contract\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"th\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\\\/th\\\/product\\\/illuminate-1-the-formation-of-a-contract\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"th\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\\\/th\\\/product\\\/illuminate-1-the-formation-of-a-contract\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/06\\\/us-flag-1.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/06\\\/us-flag-1.jpg\",\"width\":480,\"height\":300},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\\\/th\\\/product\\\/illuminate-1-the-formation-of-a-contract\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Shop\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\\\/shop\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Illuminate 1: The Formation of a Contract\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\\\/th\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\\\/th\\\/\",\"name\":\"Cambridge Law Studio\",\"description\":\"English language training for the most successful lawyers and law students in the world\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\\\/th\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\\\/th\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"th\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\\\/th\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Cambridge Law Studio\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\\\/th\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"th\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\\\/th\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/04\\\/cropped-favicon.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/04\\\/cropped-favicon.png\",\"width\":200,\"height\":200,\"caption\":\"Cambridge Law Studio\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\\\/th\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Illuminate 1: The Formation of a Contract - Cambridge Law Studio","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/th\/product\/illuminate-1-the-formation-of-a-contract\/","og_locale":"th_TH","og_type":"article","og_title":"Illuminate 1: The Formation of a Contract - Cambridge Law Studio","og_description":"This course is about how a contract is formed in common law systems. It explains the \u2018elements\u2019 needed in the common law to form a legally binding contract, either written or oral. These are different from the elements required in jurisdictions with a civil code. The focus is on one of the most well-known court cases in the history of American contract law, Pennzoil v Texaco, a legal battle between two huge U.S. oil companies that came to court in Houston, Texas, in 1985. The case is an excellent way to explore how very high-value contracts can be formed without the existence of a formal written and signed contract between the parties. It is also an excellent way to study the bold tactics of a winning litigation lawyer, who ultimately decided not to fight the case on the grounds of breach of contract. This lawyer was the controversial U.S. attorney Joe Jamail, who became famous following his involvement in this case. Course access: this online legal English course will be available for 365 days after purchase. At the end of this course in English for lawyers, you will know more about:  how a contract is formed in common law jurisdictions when the parties have nothing in writing  the elements that constitute a contract, either written or oral, in common law systems  the legal concept of consideration and why consideration must be exchanged by the parties  the nature of consideration and the requirement of value  the litigation strategy of the successful legal team  why an amount awarded by a court may never be received by the successful party  the availability of chapter 11 bankruptcy in the USA and how bankruptcy can be used in order to protect a client  how the law of contract and the law of tort were equally useful to the lawyers in this landmark case  the legal concept of tortious liability and the consequences of deliberately persuading a party to an established contract to breach the agreement  some key legal English dictionary terms that are essential to practising commercial law at an international level &nbsp; TOLES PREPARATION: This course is excellent preparation for all three levels of the TOLES exams in professional legal English.","og_url":"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/th\/product\/illuminate-1-the-formation-of-a-contract\/","og_site_name":"Cambridge Law Studio","article_modified_time":"2025-06-13T10:03:27+00:00","og_image":[{"width":480,"height":300,"url":"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/us-flag-1.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/th\/product\/illuminate-1-the-formation-of-a-contract\/","url":"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/th\/product\/illuminate-1-the-formation-of-a-contract\/","name":"Illuminate 1: The Formation of a Contract - Cambridge Law Studio","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/th\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/th\/product\/illuminate-1-the-formation-of-a-contract\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/th\/product\/illuminate-1-the-formation-of-a-contract\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/us-flag-1.jpg","datePublished":"2025-06-13T10:03:24+00:00","dateModified":"2025-06-13T10:03:27+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/th\/product\/illuminate-1-the-formation-of-a-contract\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"th","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/th\/product\/illuminate-1-the-formation-of-a-contract\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"th","@id":"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/th\/product\/illuminate-1-the-formation-of-a-contract\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/us-flag-1.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/us-flag-1.jpg","width":480,"height":300},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/th\/product\/illuminate-1-the-formation-of-a-contract\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Shop","item":"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/shop\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Illuminate 1: The Formation of a Contract"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/th\/#website","url":"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/th\/","name":"\u0e40\u0e04\u0e21\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e34\u0e14\u0e08\u0e4c \u0e25\u0e2d\u0e27\u0e4c \u0e2a\u0e15\u0e39\u0e14\u0e34\u0e42\u0e2d","description":"\u0e01\u0e32\u0e23\u0e1d\u0e36\u0e01\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e21\u0e20\u0e32\u0e29\u0e32\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e07\u0e01\u0e24\u0e29\u0e2a\u0e33\u0e2b\u0e23\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e19\u0e31\u0e01\u0e28\u0e36\u0e01\u0e29\u0e32\u0e01\u0e0e\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e1b\u0e23\u0e30\u0e2a\u0e1a\u0e04\u0e27\u0e32\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e33\u0e40\u0e23\u0e47\u0e08\u0e21\u0e32\u0e01\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e38\u0e14\u0e43\u0e19\u0e42\u0e25\u0e01","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/th\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/th\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"th"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/th\/#organization","name":"\u0e40\u0e04\u0e21\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e34\u0e14\u0e08\u0e4c \u0e25\u0e2d\u0e27\u0e4c \u0e2a\u0e15\u0e39\u0e14\u0e34\u0e42\u0e2d","url":"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/th\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"th","@id":"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/th\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/cropped-favicon.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/cropped-favicon.png","width":200,"height":200,"caption":"Cambridge Law Studio"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/th\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/28713","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/product"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=28713"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/28713\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":28743,"href":"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/28713\/revisions\/28743"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3672"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=28713"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"product_brand","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_brand?post=28713"},{"taxonomy":"product_cat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_cat?post=28713"},{"taxonomy":"product_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cambridgelawstudio.co.uk\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_tag?post=28713"}],"curies":[{"name":"\u0e14\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e40\u0e1a\u0e34\u0e25\u0e22\u0e39\u0e1e\u0e35","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}